Chuck Darwin<p>Encounters with the Maverick Archaeologist of the Americas</p><p>It took a mountain of data to shake off the skeptics and rewrite the history of human migrations, <br>but archaeologist <a href="https://c.im/tags/Tom" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Tom</span></a> <a href="https://c.im/tags/Dillehay" class="mention hashtag" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">#<span>Dillehay</span></a> was always interested in so much more than an argument.</p><p>Back when some of the first humans showed up in the Americas, far down in southern Chile near the coast, a small group of 20 or 30 built themselves a camp. </p><p>It was in a warm and rich rainforest, in a valley along a little creek, a landscape in which the people already knew how to live: <br>how to build shelters of maqui wood which flexes with the wind, for instance, <br>and how to know which seafood, seaweed, and wild potatoes to eat. </p><p>They stayed for at least a year, moved on, and never came back. </p><p>Over the next millennia, the little creek shifted course and the old streambed filled up with peat, eventually covering evidence of the campsite with a peat bog that preserved it.</p><p>Then in 1976, a 27-year-old American anthropological archaeologist named Tom Dillehay uncovered the campsite, now called Monte Verde, and found that the small group had made it nearly to the bottom of South America 14,500 years ago. This was 1,500 years too early: established archaeologists thought people didn’t even arrive in North America, up in Alaska, until around 13,000 years ago. The discrepancy seriously undermined the leading theory, and moreover came from a young Dillehay who hadn’t yet finished his doctorate. What followed was decades of academic warfare, sometimes nasty, which made Dillehay famous and in which he turned out to be right.</p><p>Dillehay is still known mostly for Monte Verde and the war over the peopling of the Americas. But he has long since lost interest in both, and has continued working on what he’s loved about archaeology from the beginning: how foraging groups of people eventually changed into settled and increasingly complex societies. The changes were long and slow, and Dillehay wanted to find all possible evidence for them, and then to understand what people did to undertake them.</p><p>Dillehay’s archaeological and ethnographic evidence showed that the foraging society at Monte Verde had the necessary and intimate knowledge of the landscape through which they moved and on which they counted for survival. The transition from foragers to settlers Dillehay found at Huaca Prieta, a site over 5,000 kilometers northwest of Monte Verde, in northern Peru. People had lived there at about the same time Monte Verde was occupied, but over thousands of years, had stayed on to set up farms and collect into towns, developing the culture that allowed them to get along with each other. And in the present day, back in Chile around the Monte Verde site, Dillehay met a people called the Mapuche, who may be descendants of the original Monte Verdeans that perhaps left the campsite but not the area. Today, the Mapuche maintain an unusual cohesion by using the networks and ceremonies they’ve had since the 16th century.</p><p><a href="https://hakaimagazine.com/features/encounters-with-the-maverick-archaeologist-of-the-americas/" rel="nofollow noopener noreferrer" translate="no" target="_blank"><span class="invisible">https://</span><span class="ellipsis">hakaimagazine.com/features/enc</span><span class="invisible">ounters-with-the-maverick-archaeologist-of-the-americas/</span></a></p>